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Limitations of Natural Law Theory

In my last post, in the process of submitting ideas that we cannot use arguments of the "natural order" to definitively outline the role of women in the Church, or even all of women's roles in the culture, I was directed to Right Reason's posts,1 and 2, on 'natural law', as that is articulated in philosophical discussions. I would not argue with his statements in their context... and have not, in my own discussions. What I have done, and continue now, is discuss the limitations of such in the context of the New Testament revelation of a new creation which is being instituted through Christ Jesus.

I think we have to be careful not to conflate. Natural law theory as defined in his post argues the validity of "whether anything like the teleological conception of nature that the traditional natural law theory rested on is plausible".

Obviously when one reads the epistles of Paul we find that this is one way we have of determining truth in that area, because Paul uses it. But unlike St. Paul's careful use, I am saying that it is wrested in such a way by those arguing for their forms of traditional "hierarchial " or “complementarian” view that it is not only not useful, but it is dangerously close to - if not in fact- contradicting the good news of the gospel of Jesus Christ. In ways, that I am arguing here, it can be found to make us subject again to "weak and beggarly elements". Natural Law outlines natural things... and does not always outline spiritual things, although there are things to be found answerable in each.

The most vulnerable place for conflation between the spiritual truth and the theory of natural law is in the ideas we have of authority. This is exactly the place where we are most at war in the church on the roles of women. The many times Paul is brought forth in chastising women is in this area of taking authority over men. I can find many reasons to uphold the wisdom of this, and it is a good place for the natural law theory to be applied, but we are in dire trouble when we start to apply that in our restriction of women's roles. We are invariably restricting them beyond the place that scripture does.


Natural law theory would lead us to believe that women are meant to bear children. But not all women are, what does this have to say about single women, for instance? Are they in direct disobedience to God's plan for them...as it could be teleologically defined? Just because people can reproduce is not a mandate that they must reproduce, however we can see the blessing in reproduction as God defines it and as it is confirmed in the natural order of creation. We just can't read back into it in rigid ways. There are cases where natural laws as read from physical reality is not applicable en Toto to a moral standard. It guides our thinking, which must then find its final answer within the expression of the Logos.

In the arguments concerning the correct roles of women we are often directed back to the creation, this on the authority of Paul. But one thing overlooked is the fact that woman was created as a "helpmeet" and domination of the type seen in what we know of the world through our culture is something resulting from the fall. In fact, in measures of authority we see an increase of domination as we go further from God's original plan. The whole concept of a king for Israel led to a greater restriction and burden of authority upon men than God would have desired. Yet, kings are seen as a natural form of authority, given divine imprimatur. This is true because all authority comes ultimately from God, but not all authority is sanctioned to rule as it does. You won't get much teaching on this from the teleological. And in modern days when Darwin's theories are widely held you are likely to lose all sense of God's original purposes.

So where do we find the reinstitution of understanding of what it is that God has meant through the message of the natural? Ah Christian, this is found in the gospel, and in the gospel we are told that "you shall know the truth and the truth shall set you free". We are seeing the insertion of the importance of freedom right here. The results of truth are freedom, and this is what we are missing in a wholly "natural law" form of thinking and reasoning. Further, we have to remember that Jesus turned upside down man's concept of authority. He said that those who serve are the ones that are following the path of the Master. There must be a solid basis for understanding that concept of authority that serves instead of lording over those in their care in order to consolidate the practice of proper authority and order as it is found under the New Covenant. You won't find that in the natural order theories, in their standalone state. They must be married to ideals of freedom and significance as outlined by the gospel. Iterated by Paul: there is no female or male in Christ...we aren't seen or judged on that basis, our place in the Kingdom is not defined by our natural bodies. But we do still live on the earth where lots of things are.

And that is where I find Paul outlining with carefulness how our freedom in Christ should not subvert the order which gives form to many of our most important physical institutions. Such as family, and recognition of how God delegates His authority ( because in the final account it all belongs to Him) throughout His creation. And now I get back to what I did see, but which must be mollified by what God has shown us through Christ: men rule, and women are given what authority they have through them. So if the men in Church are convinced that women, by virtue of the gifts that God has given them, are to have a place in ministry, then they will be free to fulfill their potential as members of Christ's body. Women ...indeed no person can demand that they have specific places in the Church. Those are given through the call of God, but women are not to take their place at the expense of men. And it is this process of "expense" that I see in the worldly culture of feminism. This is why we have to have a recognition of the men in a place of authority- a sort of "the buck stops here" line of decision and command in an orderly way. Yet, we constantly see where delegation of authority is not only allowed, but necessary. And this is where women have a place. If your church structure fixes a point at which women may not pass, it is capable of doing that, but I would stop far short of saying it is mandated to do that. If a woman has a calling on her life that her particular Church body will not allow her to fulfill, then she ought to prayerfully seek whether she should depart from that and attend one that allows a place for her ministry- this will be within the parameters of counsel and -if she is married- her husband. And it is my opinion that the wastefulness of the potential of so many of God's Sons in female earthsuits is going to be called into account.

The highest expression of authority in the church is through a relationship of mutuality. In no way does this change the structure, but in all ways it does change the function.

think about that.

To summarize my premise, I am saying that in Christ we have a truly new creation and new order, but that we must continue to live and function in this present world in our mortal bodies that have gender identity and purposes, but that those do not supercede the reality of the new, spiritual lives we are given. This works out to a system of mutual service in the Church whereby women, though still female and still in experiencing the vulnerabilities of reproduction (needing protection and nurture as they are in pregnancy, child birthing, and child raising capacities), yet are capable of functioning in the Church as leadership in all the ways evidenced in the New Testament and Old.

Practically speaking, if a woman is married and has children and her husband supports her and in all ways sanctions her place in public service or some sort ( a job, a place of leadership, a minister of the gospel) then she has freedom to explore all the potential of those vocations. It should be recognized that women have real limitations in career and ministry choices if she is not supported by the men surrounding her specific chosen roles. A woman pastor who cannot pastor the men in her church because they don't accept her is not capable of fulfilling her duties to build that part of the church. A woman who has a career that is destroying her family life can't fully function, but if those around her are supportive and work together to build a family while she has a career.... then she is fully able to function in that way.

We need to get our eyes off the "do's and don’ts " for women and, instead, see the outcomes within the parameters of the gospel. Those are not teleologically determined, they are spiritually determined within the framework of relationship.

~~~~~~~~~~~~//~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Here are some of the problems as I see them:

Bringing up one of the triggers for this discussion: should women blog -at least in such a way that it might be implicated that men are receiving teaching throught that woman?

using a "natural law" or teleological view, does a woman's reproductive reality mean that being female or having babies precludes the ability to talk on topics other than nutrition and housecleaning ( not demeaning those, just outlining the allowed topics) and only in the company of other women? Does speaking on a topic mean the same thing as taking over authority? what is the extrapolation of that thought?

How do we divide Church life and "real life" ( the way I see it viewed in the conversation)or practical life? Women can lead men in the boardroom, they can appear in the media giving leadership in opinion-making in a secular sense, but must park it at "God's door"...as if God were only found in the confines of the Church?
You would think if something were a component of "natural law" that it would have a logical form of application. It is not logical to allow for women to have leadership roles -where they may be found to lead men in one instance, but none in another upon arbitrary rulings. Example: in scripture there are women who are called "prophetesses", whether this is an office or not, it does mean that they handled the communications of God to their fellows-including men. They functioned in that way. How is this something that follows a teleological path? So now, te arbitrary rules in some bodies are that women must not...blog...for fear of influencing the minds of men? Of usurping some role? Throughout the use of authority is the concept of delegation of power. If men choose to delegate to a woman the right to function as deacon in the Church... as happened in the early Church, why do we protest that today in saying women cannot be ministers of the gospel. Perhaps pastoral care is to be patriarchal, but what about the rest of the ministry? And do we have some twisted version of the pastor holding all duties and gifts, separated from the spiritually impoverished "laity"? How does that line up teleologically? "A" dominant Christian men? it asks the question in y mind then, what happened to God and Christ as the head of the Church in all this? Can the Lord not give spiritual gifts to women? And if He does, how are they to function with those in the Chruch if they are out of line once men "hear" them? Is this what was meant by women keeping silence? There is no cohesion and order in such thinking. It has to mean something else if you allow for large portions of the examples in the scriptures. Either that or for some reason that everything is silent upon, women are now simply shut down from perating in this way in the Church.
A reliance on natural law theory has a tendency to become humanism. "The power of the sovereign is absolute in the sense that there cannot be any greater power to limit it, because the sovereign already forms "the terminus ultimus of the forces of all the citizens together" -Thomas Hobbes(De Cive VI.13). The power is indivisible (Lev II.18; H 93), which it must be as it consists of one unified will." Hobbes, Conatus and the Prisoner's Dilemma, by Juhani Pietarinen
A natural conception of morality rising from physical attributes will necessarily degrade to a materialistic philosophical view, so even if we want to say " God made it thus" we negate the future action of God to make another way. Tthis, in fact, is exactly what I believe is being expressed by Paul in the revelation that there is no amle or female in Christ. It forces us to recognize the Sovereignty of God in revealing the new creation in Christ. None of our former hindrances or limitations mean anything in God's economy, in Him all we lacked is filled. This created a mutuality and a final dependence upon Christ in God... and this is what I beleive the "headship" connotates. If we don't see this, the problem arises in our confusion over servanthood and oversight. we tend to mimic the world's interpretations.

Comments

I think first we have to distinguish between a couple of versions of natural law - one that has morality arising out of our physical attributes: I have little use for this actually.

And, the version of Lewis, Bonhoeffer, etc. that says that morality is a natural underlayment of human beings not because of their materialist nature but as an overflow of the Creator's character.

The second understands, generally, that the general revelation in all human beings by their deep conscience and the specific and higher revelation that comes when we are indwelt are not in conflict - but one is much deeper and higher than the other.

Posted by: JCHFleetguy at December 3, 2006 9:51 PM

I fully agree with your point. In looking at gender theology ( for lack of a better term) which do you think is being utilized?

Posted by: ilona at December 4, 2006 10:14 AM

Frankly, I think most "gender" theology is just bad (well, that was a little harsh).

I am a complementarist because that is my experience - my wife and I are one flesh and only a complete human being when we are together - something we both realized when we were separated.

We also both believe in submission; but think most Christians fail to realize that in all Biblical submission the lower submits up; but that the higher loves (not rules) down. This even includes our Savior who does not "force us" to love and obey Him - but just loves us.

This isn't about men and women in general either - it is about marriage: making our marriages an earthly type of Christ and His Church and the One person/multiple personality of God. And, I think, this is a special revelation to Christians and not necessarily applicable outside the Body of Christ.

Outside of marriage, the biblical witness is mixed about women in ministry - even from Paul - which gives strong indications that it was culturally based even at the time. There were strong beliefs in the 1st and 2nd century church that Priscilla might have written Hebrews; and certainly their were home churches, in scripture, led by women. Some cultures were capable of accepting women in leadership (and some were not) - and some women were capable of being leaders: maybe far fewer than men.

I think it is obvious, in general, that men and women are "wired" differently and on a general level women view things differently from men; but there is a spectrum of women and men who are more or less archtypes of those differences. I have met women every bit as tunnel visioned and task-orientated as me; and men every bit as relationship-orientated and nurturing as my wife. I have met couples where the woman should be working outside the home; and the man be taking care of the children. The miracle of complementariness is that they too found each other and became one flesh. General rules are a guide and not a box.

Overall, I think this is about our individual spiritual gifts and the leadership of the Holy Spirit in our lives. To believe that our (fallen) biology is a true indicator of our boundaries in the Kingdom is to believe that being imago dei had anything to do with our physical body - which is nonsense to me.

Posted by: JCHFleetguy at December 4, 2006 12:55 PM

You comments are breathtakingly cogent. I think you have articulated things extremely well. The remaining problem for me is how to take those ideas, which are the essence of what the gospel is teaching and pack them into their respective theological boxes for understanding how this all works.

The conflict is on the front of the theology, and those who try to argue matters of gender with reasonings from culture or experience will still have to correlate everything with scripture. My belief is that if we don't resolve the conflict over the theology we cannot speak well to the problems in the culture.

We take the issues of family, women, freedom, rights, and those that arise from them , such as abortion, on a piecemeal basis. As Christians we end up saying "just believe this because it is true". And that is fine, except if we may find explanation and reasoning to further the truth I would like to be able to do that. So there is the crux of my effort in all of this discussion. Not too much is it;)

I hold to complementarian ideas in the basic makeup of men and women, too. It is their function and roles that I am having a bit of a time trying to sort out.

Posted by: ilona at December 6, 2006 3:14 PM

If I remember right there are substantial critiques of those elements of natural law that say nature is an determining indicator toward God.

I know as a believer in natural law ala Lewis, etc I have had to fight my way through being conflated with those who believe nature is deterministic. Some of the main arguments against Aquina's version centered around this.

One other piece for me: the word translated "submission" in the New Testament means, unless used in military applications, a voluntary act on the part of the submitter. An initial step in the explanation would be, to me, that unless the submitter is sincerely, at heart, acting in submission it is meaningless - God, after all, sees the heart.

This means in real terms that no one in a relationship (me with God, my wife with me) can submit because "we are supposed to" - this would be legalism.

Any help?

Incidentally, my wife has far more trouble with women in leadership than I do.

Posted by: JCHFleetguy at December 7, 2006 1:27 AM

Yes, your comments do help a great deal.

Being no expert- I tend to think that natural law theory (philosophy) is best applied to the rights of individual man in terms of government, rather than expressing the metaphysics. The thing that would qualify this for me would be the scripture that says creation speaks of God. That would be interesting to explore in terms of natural law.

Incidentally, my wife has far more trouble with women in leadership than I do.
this is very interesting. For a couple reasons, I have noticed this in myself.... and in observations on the nature of women. Women often have trouble with woman bosses in the working world, as well. I do think that somewhere in there is the fact that authority naturally resides within men, and that there has to be a delegation process that is evident in the transferance of that authoritative power to women.

If this were to be true, one of the things that would be very important in the Church is that if woman have positions of authority, it would need clear support from both the scripture as taught within the Church and from the men who hold authority in the Church. I have an inclination to believe this is the process, as it has been a dynamic I noticed within family structure.

I think what we are going to have to recognize is the deep importance of esteeming others and honoring authority, which will require greater humility on the part of men in leadership than has been evident heretofore. This is completely in line with the example of Christ ... taught in a foot washing service @ Passover.

This is why all the posturing I see from men who dismiss women- as bloggers and whatnot- in so facile a manner ought to be taken to task. They need first to submit to Christ and follow His manner of dealing with women. This, in all *all* cases was tender, humble, and lifted up the domain of women. And as woman to woman, perhaps we should meditate on the meaning of the Lord's remarks to Martha on the subject of Mary.

Posted by: ilona at December 7, 2006 12:51 PM

My primary concentration has been on morality and conscience. One issue I have with certain streams of Christian theology is that only Christians can be moral or good - and that without God, and Christ, one cannot truly love.

This is of course nonsense to me. Mothers all over the world (and husbands, wives, friends) love their children (and others). However, if God is the source of all good, and good can be found in all people somewhat, then this implies that general revelation to everyone - the deep conscience that folks talk of.

So to me it is not that the natural world points us to God (it does) as that our natural conscience shows not that humans are good (humanism) but that a good God is planted in all humans.

Which is why Paul could say in Romans that God was evident "within us" as well as in the natural world.

I have not paid as much attention to the Bonhoeffer-type arguments that you mention - that legitimate government and laws are nested in that natural moral law and that a government that violates them is not legitimate and need not be obeyed. I am not much of a "politician" though.

My wife boils her problem with women pastors down to their pastoral duties and not the teaching ones - she would never go to a women for pastoral shepharding.

Dismissing women bloggers? I suppose there is a scriptural basis except that Paul showed certain women respect in regards to men. So did John. I think women bloggers have a different "feel" in general and cast a different light on issues - and that is the value: we see issues in a different lens. There are also the proverbs passages about the good wife basically ruling their home.

We need to just accept that we are all called by the Holy Spirit to different ministries and it is not my place to "question another man's servant"

I did a natural law series if it is of any interest.

Posted by: JCHFleetguy at December 8, 2006 12:08 AM

That series would be of great interest- I'll be looking at it as soon as I can come back online ( RL calls today;)

I agree completely with you on "issue I have with certain streams of Christian theology is that only Christians can be moral or good " although for different reasons, and within a 'doctrine of depravity of man' context. You can find examples of love and virtue amongst all sorts- even the atheists and pagans which are popular for some Christians to demonize ( there is a red flag if ever I saw one -what place do we have of "demonizing"?)

"she would never go to a women for pastoral shepharding"

-then I think she is missing out on a great deal of wisdom tailored especially for her ...but we all have the right to make such choices and God speaks to us through more than one avenue. I haven't looked carefully into my areas of discrimination on this. I guess I tend not to divide off in this way anymore ( men /women, recognized, unrecognized,etc) - I take the view that God speaks from the strangest of places and I have enough arrogance that I need to cultivate more humiity in accepting His voice through whomever He -in His wisdom desires to speak. Of course this is a cumbersome process sometimes- and I do have certain ones I respect most highly.

They aren't all male though.

Maybe your wife is comfortable in her view because she has you :) Quite a wise and godly man if this conversation and your blog are any indication.

Posted by: ilona at December 8, 2006 1:12 PM

I actually agree on the depravity of man - but even Calvin, and the Synod of Dort, accepted that residiual of our pre-fall state as a way that all people can be convicted of sin and pointed toward righteousness. The Canons:

ARTICLE 4. There remain, however, in man since the fall, the glimmerings of natural light, whereby he retains some knowledge of God, or natural things, and of the difference between good and evil, and shows some regard for virtue and for good outward behavior. But so far is this light of nature from begin sufficient to bring him to a saving knowledge of God and to true conversion that he is incapable of using it aright even in things natural and civil. Nay further, this light, such as it is , man in various ways renders wholly polluted, and hinders in unrighteousness, by doing which he becomes inexcusable before God.
I do not disagree with this, nor do I think would Lewis.

However, if this light, and our nature, is so corrupted how can we fall back to it for guidence on what the roles of women, and men, should be - in the Kingdom - from their nature.

Anyway, it has been a treat chatting with you. For all his supposed misogyny - the first person the converted Paul converted was a woman; and, of course, Priscilla was a tower of the early church.

And, hey, my wife was raised Catholic :-)

Posted by: JCHFleetguy at December 9, 2006 8:51 PM
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