June 5, 2006

BoorBos in Purgatory:
The Rise of the Boorish Bohemians


At Wal-Mart's annual meeting last year, CEO Lee Scott announced that the company wanted to attract customers with lots of discretionary income and so would be including more items like organic foods. If you find the idea of organic foods at Wal-Mart to be oxymoronic, you’re not alone. “Eating organic has been fixed in the collective imagination as an upper-middle-class luxury, a blue-state affectation as easy to mock as Volvos or lattes,” says Michael Pollan in the New York Times. “On the cultural spectrum, organic stands at the far opposite extreme from Nascar or Wal-Mart.”

Wal-Mart could start sacking groceries in Louis Vuitton bags and the Volvo-driving, latte-sipping, upper-middle-class wouldn’t shop there. So what could Scott be thinking? Have the business geniuses in Bentonville, Arkansas lost touch with reality?

Perhaps. But it could be that they are simply marketing to a different demographic than you might suspect. We commonly assume that the only market for organic food is what David Brooks calls "Bobos."

In 2001, Brooks produced Bobos In Paradise, a work of “comic sociology” that explored the lives of people who tend to prefer Volvos, lattes, and organic food:

These are highly educated folk who have one foot in the bohemian world of creativity and another foot in the bourgeois realm of ambition and worldly success. The members of the new information age elite are bourgeois bohemians. Or, to take the first two letters of each word, they are Bobos.

Bobos are similar to yuppies in that they tend to come from the upper-middle and upper class and believe American society to be meritocratic. But while America in the 21st century is admittedly more egalitarian than most societies, our country is not, strickly speaking, a meritocracy.

True, one doesn’t have to come from an “old money” family (like George Bush or John Kerry) in order to gain admission to an Ivy League school. But it does help if one’s parents have enough money to pay for private school and SAT tutors. Social mobility may be fluid in America but is still favors those who are already privileged in some way. Children born to wealthy, highly educated parents have a head start on becoming wealthy and highly educated themselves.

But while our egalitarianism has made the social climb considerably less steep, technological advances have all but leveled the path of cultural mobility. For decades, changes in technology have allowed elite culture to seep down to the lower rungs of the economic ladder. Whereas great art, literature, and music was once the purview of the wealthy, almost anyone can now afford a ticket to the Jackson Pollock exhibition, the Penguin paperback of Dante's "The Divine Comedy", or an audio CD of Mozart concertos. Being allowed to taste the fruits of highbrow—or at least bohemian--culture can shape the palates of even the poorest American.

So what happens when someone has one foot in the bohemian world of creativity while their other foot is still firmly stuck on the low-rungs of the economic ladder? What do we call those who acquire the taste of the bohemian but do not have the educational credentials or wealth of the bourgeois elite? The members of this hybrid class are boorish (peasant) bohemians. Or, to combine them into one word, they are Boorbos.

Brooks contends that the Bobos have become the new establishment and that “Their hybrid culture is the atmosphere we all breathe.” Similarly the Boorbos are strivers, wishing to break out of their economic purgatory in order to breathe the rarified air of pure Boboism. Bobos are, as Brooks notes, expected to practice “one-downmanship.” But we Boorbos—and I reluctantly count myself among their ranks—wish our credentials and circumstances would allow us to move up to the Bobo paradise so that we too could practice one-downmanship.

So how can you tell the difference between a Boorbo and a Bobo? Since their aesthetic tastes are often similar, the obvious way to distinguish between them is to look at their paycheck or resume. If they earn $80,000 a year working for Google, they’re a Bobo. If they graduated from the University of Oklahoma and work for a company that makes stuff then they’re a Boorbo.

Here are a few other differences based on the choices they make:

Coffee
Bobos: Starbucks Boorbos: Dunkin Donuts

Organic foods
Bobos: Whole foods market Boorbos: Wal-Mart Supercenter

Home accessories
Bobos: Pottery Barn Boorbos: Target

Hip teen clothing store
Bobos: Abercrombie and Fitch Boorbos: American Eagle

Non-entertainment Television
Bobos: PBS Boorbos: Discovery Channel

Political affiliation (left)
Bobos: Naderites Boorbos: Blue Dog Democrats

Political affiliation (right)
Bobos: Neo-cons Boorbos: Theo-cons

Gaming System
Bobos: Alienware Boorbos: Playstation 2

Beer
Bobos: Any micro-brew Boorbos: Any non-domestic beer

HBO Series
Bobos: Entourage Boorbos: Deadwood

Men's shirts
Bobos: Ralph Lauren shirts bought at Nordstroms Boorbos: Ralph Lauren shirts bought at Goodwill

Wine
Bobos: Monkey Bay Sauvignon Blanc bought at Whole Foods Market Boorbos: Charles Shaw ("Two-buck Chuck") bought at Trader Joe's

Water
Bobos: Evian Boorbos: Dasani

Home furnishings
Bobos: Restoration Hardware Boorbos: IKEA

Shopping
Bobos: The local Galleria Boorbos: The local outlet stores

City
Bobos: Winnetka, IL, Plano, TX; Redmond, WA Boorbos: Springfield, IL; Wheaton, IL; Ft. Worth, TX; Hoquiam, WA

Place to find the latest foreign film
Bobos: The local art-house theater Boorbos: Netflix.com

Business Guru
Bobos: Malcolm Gladwell Boorbos: John Maxwell

Late Night Talk show host
Bobos: Conan O’Brian Boorbos: David Letterman

Reading Material
Bobos: Any book recently praised in the New York Times Book Review Boorbos: Any book praised in the New York Times Book Review that has made it to the discounted books table at Borders.


(More to come...(?))


comments
Justin Thibault writes:

1

My wife drives a used, paid-for Volvo - where does that put us?

I'm tied for Bobo and Boorbo right now

posted on 06.05.2006 5:54 AM
pgepps writes:

2

In Japan, "boorbo" and "volvo" would sound the same.

Of course, if your Volvo is a peculiar greenish blue, then . . .

There's just something about an Aqua Volvo, man.

Duck and cover,
PGE

posted on 06.05.2006 6:36 AM
Franklin Mason writes:

3

I am the cook for my family, and I often buy food labeled "organic" because most often it just tastes better. Where does this put me on your scale?

posted on 06.05.2006 7:26 AM
Jeff Blogworthy writes:

4

How about eating grow-your-own organic? Not quite as trendy, ay? If one must grow it themselves, I suppose that's an automatic "boorbo".

posted on 06.05.2006 8:16 AM
Nick writes:

5

Did anyone else catch the 60 Minutes piece on Whole Foods last night? It would be nice if Wal Mart could emulate their practice of purchasing organic food from both small local farmers and large organic conglomorates.

At the risk of treating a light hearted post too seriously: I suspect that Walmart will find a growing market for organic foods among people who are in no way "bohemian." Christians and conservatives in the Wendell Berry (rather than corporate shark) mold might favor organic food and heirloom varieties for reasons of tradition and environmental stewardship. In light of studies that show the vast majority of pesticide residues in the bloodstream of infants comes from their food, it's nice to see that in most standard supermarkets, organic baby food is rapidly replacing the standard fare. We make our own baby food from farmer's market fare, which probably verges on "crunchy" rather than "bobo."


I guess I'm neither boorbo nor bobo, even though I consume organic food:
Coffee: yuck
Organic food: local farmer's market
Home Accessories: purchased while traveling
Wine: beer
Water: our own well
beer: Yuengling porter
Home Furnishings: Stain-it-yourself wood furniture and/or Ecko
Late night talk show host: too tired
Shopping: internet
Latest foreign film: on DVD
City: no way in hell
reading material: science fiction

posted on 06.05.2006 8:17 AM
Nick writes:

6

Jeff Blogworthy:

If you grow it your self, I think that makes you "crunchy." Better break out the birkenstocks and perhaps a peasant dress for your wife.

posted on 06.05.2006 8:20 AM
Doug writes:

7

For BoBos - it's more of an image thing. For BoorBos, I would think, it's a gravitation to the latter Bo (i.e., bohemian), but not for the image reasons and without the upper middle class first Bo.

But, where does that leave someone like me, an organic theocon who values community but is not a big fan of bigbox and a lot of the boor things. That makes me a Crunchy Con, as described by Rod Dreher.(http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1400050642/sr=8-1/qid=1149525876/ref=pd_bbs_1/002-3993913-9405639?%5Fencoding=UTF8)

Crunchy Cons, however, wouldn't be shopping on a regular basis at the WalMart supercenter for their organics.

posted on 06.05.2006 12:01 PM
Mike O writes:

8

Jeff:
I can't help but wonder if the classification for those who grow their own doesn't vary with how much money has been spent on toys with which to do their gardening.
Still, I feel sorry for those who have never had a tomato out of the garden or gone out to pick sweetcorn for dinner with the water already boiling on the stove.

posted on 06.05.2006 12:02 PM
Kevin T. Keith writes:

9

Clever post. I think there's a good bit of overlap in some of your categories, though. A lot of middle-class people like "Deadwood" and the Discovery Channel, and shop at Target and Trader Joe's (including the wine section).

posted on 06.05.2006 12:27 PM
JRI writes:

10

John Kerry doesn't come from old money, you moron. why do you people always have to lie to make your points?

posted on 06.05.2006 1:24 PM
Joe Carter writes:

11

JRI John Kerry doesn't come from old money, you moron. why do you people always have to lie to make your points?

***sigh***

From Wikipedia:

Kerry is the second child of Richard John Kerry and Rosemary Forbes Kerry….Although the extended family enjoyed a great fortune, Kerry's parents themselves were upper-middle class; a wealthy great aunt paid for Kerry to attend elite schools in Europe and New England.

Kerry spent his summers at the Forbes family estate in France, and there, he enjoyed a more opulent lifestyle than he had previously known in Massachusetts. While living in the U.S., Kerry spent several summers at the Forbes family's estates on Naushon Island off Cape Cod.

Kerry's maternal grandfather, James Grant Forbes, was born in Shanghai, China, where the family accumulated a fortune in opium and China trade. Forbes married Margaret Tyndal Winthrop, who came from the Dudley-Winthrop political family. Through her, John Kerry is distantly related to four US Presidents [1] and to various royals in Europe.


posted on 06.05.2006 1:30 PM
Rambam writes:

12

Bobo v. Boorbo. Impressive, it looks like some observer has come up with a term to pigeonhole people that is even more analytically useless than Dinc, yuppie, gen-x, boomer, and red/blue stater.

posted on 06.05.2006 1:34 PM
Carrie writes:

13

Interesting post. Okay, I'll play:

Coffee: small roaster at local coffee house
Organic food: Community Supported Agriculture (i.e., prepaid share of a local farm's production)
Home Accessories: flea markets, original art, clearance table at Pier 1, plants
Non-entertainment tv: PBS
Political affiliation (left): Democrat like my daddy and his daddy before him
Wine: what's on special at the supermarket
Water: tap, with filter
Gaming system: None
beer: regional microbrew
HBO series: Don't have cable.
Men's shirts: Third generation Main St. men's store
Home Furnishings: garage sales, heirlooms, local estate auctions
Late night talk show host: I get up early.
Shopping: internet, Main St. shops, KMart, Target
Latest foreign film: public library DVD
City: 4 hours away in light traffic
Business guru: Lord Browne
reading material: everything that passes through the public library

posted on 06.05.2006 1:41 PM
Lisa writes:

14

That was excellent and spot on. I am such a craven boorbo. I seal the deal by making the very lowest contribution to NPR that will get me some free gear - preferably a book-bag in which I can tote my incredibly boring book by whoever was on Terri Gross' Fresh Air last month; then pretentiously act like I am reading it on the DC Metro train while I am actually listening to a downloaded book-on-tape of Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six on my IPOD.

I say this without a hint of irony. I really do this. I am pathetic. Oh, the humanity.

posted on 06.05.2006 1:52 PM
Rob B writes:

15

Hey, JRI, where's your moron now? Which "you people" would that be, the informed or the cravenly dim-witted?

Cigars - BoBos: Arteuro Fuentes - BoorBos: Swisher Sweets

Dogs - BoBos: Labradoodle - Boorbos - Lab - yellow, chocolate or black.

posted on 06.05.2006 2:06 PM
Rob B writes:

16

My wife drives a used, paid-for Volvo - where does that put us?

**Depends on where you're driving... hey, put those tomatoes down!

Baseball Game Seating-

BoBos: Private climate controlled box.

Boorbos: Box seat next to 400-pound sweaty guy..

posted on 06.05.2006 2:36 PM
John M. writes:

17

This is interesting but it is spun in a deceiving way. While it’s true that “Social mobility … still favors those who are already privileged in some way”, it is also very common for families to move DOWN the social scale from higher levels. In fact, from 1988 to 1998, about the same number of upper-class families moved DOWN the scale as there were LOWER class families that moved UP. Middle-class families had about a 25% chance of staying put, and about a 38% chance of moving UP and a 35% chance of moving down. So we do generally start out similar to our parents, but whether we move up or down is pretty much up to us. See the linked graphic from the NYT (click the “income mobility” tab):

http://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/national/20050515_CLASS_GRAPHIC/index_01.html

You might find it fun to click on “Components of Class” and rate yourself based on occupation, education, net worth, and income.

posted on 06.05.2006 3:50 PM
ct writes:

18

social mobility,

i agree that social mobility exists here--and alot of it. i come from a super working class family. but i'm pretty drenched in prada these days, and have a kind of pretty resume you'd swear was made for the child of the elite.

thank god for student loans--lots of them, over 200k.

but i'm not sure i buy into meritocracy. i can't really believe i was elected to better social standing than the rest of my family by being much better than them in any way. we're all pretty similar in easily quantifiable ways: sorta smart, sorta clever/wity, fairly pretty people.

so then what gives, eh? i'm banking on dumb luck. some of us get lucky. so mobility?? yes. but meritocratic mobility, i don't buy it. seems more like lottery to me.

glad to have won it though,

c

posted on 06.05.2006 4:06 PM
Randy writes:

19

Of course those who can afford it prefer organic foods, especially those with kids. I doubt that many organic food consumers shop at Walmart though. I've certainly never set foot in one.

posted on 06.05.2006 4:15 PM
jd writes:

20

How is it that the Bush family is old money? I won't call you names, but I'm not sure that W qualifies the same way that Kerry does.

posted on 06.05.2006 5:26 PM
Joe Carter writes:

21

JD How is it that the Bush family is old money?

Dubya's grandfather was a Senator and his great-grandfather was George Herbert "Bert" Walker, a wealthy banker and businessman. (And Bert Dad was a businessman who owned Ely, Walker & Company).

I'm not sure how the rest of the country measures "old money" but in Texas if you dad's dad had money then that is pretty "old."

posted on 06.05.2006 5:34 PM
ex-preacher writes:

22

As an aside, I think the U.S. is much less of a meritocracy than we would like to think. I recall seeing a recent study (which I'm too lazy to look up) showing that social mobility is greater in several European countries than in the US. They found that the odds of someone born in the bottom quartile of income ever reaching the top quartile are depressingly remote.

posted on 06.05.2006 6:14 PM
ex-preacher writes:

23

Well, here's an article from The Economist arguing that social mobility in the U.S. is declining. Unfortunately, it doesn't compare the U.S. to other countries.

http://www.economist.com/world/na/displayStory.cfm?story_id=3518560

posted on 06.05.2006 6:26 PM
John writes:

24

Joe,

I am sure someone has already made this comment, but at risk of repeating someone else, your demographic profiling is not entirely correct.

While it is true that Wal-Mart's core customer profile is still what many define broadly as the "value shopper", that tag can refer to any number of consumers -- including rather wealthy middle class women (those prone to switch to organic health food in an effort to improve the quality of food for children). It is also true that, at the margin, Wal-Mart now has consumers in almost every demo and psychographic segment.

When you are the largest business in the world, you have to find ways to expand. It may be scope creep, but there is nowhere for Wal-Mart to go except up the income ladder; and they are winning a decent share of business there.

posted on 06.05.2006 11:32 PM
Gina R Johnson writes:

25

Wow, interesting. When I was growing up, "bobos" were cheap "knock-offs" of the high priced sneakers all the cool kids wore! LOL!

posted on 06.06.2006 10:46 AM
V the K writes:

26

I totally get this article. My own upbringing was rural and economically challenged, and from college on, I've always been kind of a fish out of water. I've got the education and career credentials of an upper middle-class twit, but my roots are rural and poor, and I've never fit in well anywhere. That's also probably a big part of the reason personal relationships have always been problematic for me.

posted on 06.06.2006 10:56 AM
Pauli writes:

27

Nick, or anyone, this question came up at a party. Can you get Yuengling outside of Pennsylvania, or is that where you're at? Great beer. Haven't seen it in Cleveland, OH-area.

posted on 06.08.2006 2:58 PM